The impact of maternal morbidity on cesarean section rates: exploring a Latin American network of sentinel facilities using the Robson's Ten Group Classification System

Background: Latin America has the highest Cesarean Section Rates (CSR) in the world. Robson's Ten Group Classification System (RTGCS) was developed to enable understanding the CSR in different groups of women, classified according to obstetric characteristics into one of ten groups. The size of each CS group may provide helpful data on quality of care in a determined region or setting. Data can potentially be used to compare the impact of conditions such as maternal morbidity on CSR. The objective of this study is to understand the impact of Severe Maternal Morbidity (SMM) on CSR in ten different groups of RTGCS. Methods: Secondary analysis of childbirth information from 2018 to 2021, including 8 health facilities from 5 Latin American and Caribbean countries (Bolivia, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic), using a surveillance database (SIP-Perinatal Information System, in Spanish) implemented in different settings across Latin America. Women were classified into one of RTGCS. The frequency of each group and its respective CSR were described. Furthermore, the sample was divided into two groups, according to maternal outcomes: women without SMM and those who experienced SMM, considering Potentially Life-threatening Conditions, Maternal Near Miss and Maternal Death as the continuum of morbidity. Results: Available data were obtained from 92,688 deliveries using the Robson Classification. Overall CSR was around 38%. Group 5 was responsible for almost one-third of cesarean sections. SMM occurred in 6.7% of cases. Among these cases, the overall CSR was almost 70% in this group. Group 10 had a major role (preterm deliveries). Group 5 (previous Cesarean section) had a very high CSR within the group, regardless of the occurrence of maternal morbidity (over 80%). Conclusion: Cesarean section rate was higher in women experiencing SMM than in those without SMM in Latin America. SMM was associated with higher Cesarean section rates, especially in groups 1 and 3. Nevertheless, group 5 was the major contributor to the overall CSR. (AU)

Maternal Near Miss in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus / Near miss materno em pacientes com lupus eritematoso sistêmico

Abstract Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may cause irreversible organ damage. Pregnancy with SLE may have severe life-threatening risks. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of severe maternal morbidity (SMM) in patients with SLE and analyze the parameters that contributed to cases of greater severity. Methods This is a cross-sectional retrospective study from analysis of data retrieved from medical records of pregnant women with SLE treated at a University Hospital in Brazil. The pregnant women were divided in a control group without complications, a group with potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), and a group with maternal near miss (MNM). Results The maternal near miss rate was 112.9 per 1,000 live births. The majority of PLTC (83.9%) and MNM (92.9%) cases had preterm deliveries with statistically significant increased risk compared with the control group (p = 0.0042; odds ratio [OR]: 12.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-96.6 for the MNM group and p = 0.0001; OR: 4.84; 95%CI: 2.2-10.8 for the PLTC group). Severe maternal morbidity increases the risk of longer hospitalization (p < 0.0001; OR: 18.8; 95%CI: 7.0-50.6 and p < 0.0001; OR: 158.17; 95%CI: 17.6-1424,2 for the PLTC and MNM groups, respectively), newborns with low birthweight (p = 0.0006; OR: 3.67; 95%CI: 1.7-7.9 and p = 0.0009; OR: 17.68; 95%CI: 2-153.6) for the PLTC and MNM groups, respectively] as well as renal diseases (PLTC [8.9%; 33/56; p = 0.0069] and MNM [78.6%; 11/14; p = 0.0026]). Maternal near miss cases presented increased risk for neonatal death (p = 0.0128; OR: 38.4; 95%CI: 3.3-440.3]), and stillbirth and miscarriage (p = 0.0011; OR: 7.68; 95%CI: 2.2-26.3]). Conclusion Systemic lupus erythematosus was significantly associated with severe maternal morbidity, longer hospitalizations, and increased risk of poor obstetric and neonatal outcomes.

Resumo Objetivo Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) pode causar danos irreversíveis aos órgãos. A gravidez com LES pode ter riscos para condições ameaçadoras à vida. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de MMG em pacientes com LES e analisar os parâmetros que contribuíram para os casos de maior gravidade. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal retrospectivo a partir da análise de dados obtidos de prontuários de gestantes com LES atendidas em um Hospital Universitário no Brasil. As gestantes foram divididas em grupo controle sem intercorrências, grupo com condições potencialmente ameaçadoras a vida (CPAV) e grupo com near miss materno (NMM). Resultados A taxa de NMM foi de 112,9 por 1.000 nascidos vivos. A maioria dos casos de CPAV (83,9%) e NMM (92,9%) teve partos prematuros com risco aumentado estatisticamente significativo em comparação com o grupo controle (p = 0,0042; odds ratio [OR]: 12,05; intervalo de confiança [IC]: 1,5-96,6 para o grupo NMM e p = 0,0001; OR: 4,84; IC95%: 2,2-10,8 para o grupo CPAV). MMG aumenta o risco de maior tempo de internação (p < 0,0001; OR: 18,8; IC95%: 7,0-50,6 e p < 0,0001; OR: 158,17; IC95%: 17,6-1424,2 para os grupos CPAV e NMM, respectivamente), recémnascidos com baixo peso (p = 0,0006; OR: 3,67; IC95%: 1,7-7,9 e p = 0,0009; OR: 17,68; IC95%: 2-153,6 para os grupos CPAV e NMM, respectivamente), bem como doenças renais (CPAV: 58,9%; 33/56; p = 0,0069 e NMM: 78,6%; 11/14; p = 0,0026)]. Os casos de NMM apresentaram risco aumentado para óbito neonatal (p = 0,0128; OR: 38,4; IC95%: 3,3-440,3), natimorto e aborto espontâneo (p = 0,0011; OR: 7,68; IC95%: 2,2-26,3). Conclusão Lúpus eritematoso sistêmico foi significativamente associado à morbidade materna grave, internações mais longas e risco aumentado de desfechos obstétricos e neonatais ruins.

Temporal Evolution of Maternal Mortality: 1980-2019 / Evolução temporal da mortalidade materna: 1980-2019

Abstract Objective To determine the profile of maternal deaths occurred in the period between 2000 and 2019 in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA, in the Portuguese acronym) and to compare it with maternal deaths between 1980 and 1999 in the same institution. Methods Retrospective study that analyzed 2,481 medical records of women between 10 and 49 years old who died between 2000 and 2018. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee (CAAE 78021417600005327). Results After reviewing 2,481 medical records of women who died in reproductive age, 43 deaths had occurred during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. Of these, 28 were considered maternal deaths. The maternal mortality ratio was 37.6 per 100,000 live births. Regarding causes, 16 deaths (57.1%) were directly associated with pregnancy, 10 (35.1%) were indirectly associated, and 2 (7.1%) were unrelated. The main cause of death was hypertension during pregnancy (31.2%) followed by acute liver steatosis during pregnancy (25%). In the previous study, published in 2003 in the same institution4, the mortality rate was 129 per 100,000 live births, and most deaths were related to direct obstetric causes (62%). The main causes of death in this period were due to hypertensive complications (17.2%), followed by postcesarean infection (16%). Conclusion Compared with data before the decade of 2000, there was an important reduction in maternal deaths due to infectious causes.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar o perfil dos óbitos maternos ocorridos no período de 2000 a 2019 no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) e comparar com os óbitos maternos entre 1980 e 1999 na mesma instituição. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo que analisou 2.400 prontuários de mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos que morreram entre 2000 e 2019. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética (CAAE 78021417600005327). Resultados Após revisão de 2.481 prontuários de mulheres que morreram em idade reprodutiva, 43 mortes ocorreram durante a gravidez ou no período pós-parto. Destas, 28 foram considerados óbitos maternos. A taxa de mortalidade materna foi de 37.6 por 100.000 nascidos vivos. Em relação às causas, 16 óbitos (57.1%) estiveram diretamente associados à gravidez, 10 (35.1%) estiveram indiretamente associados e 2 (7.1%) não estiveram relacionados. A principal causa de morte foi hipertensão na gravidez (31.2%) seguida de esteatose hepática aguda da gravidez (25%). No estudo anterior, publicado em 2003 na mesma instituição4, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 129 por 100.000 nascidos vivos, e a maioria dos óbitos estava relacionada a causas obstétricas diretas (62%). As principais causas de óbito neste período foram por complicações hipertensivas (17.2%), seguidas de infecção pós-cesárea (16%). Conclusão Em comparação com os dados anteriores à década de 2000, houve uma redução importante das mortes maternas por causas infecciosas.

Clinical characteristics of critically ill pregnant women with different admission methods to intensive care unit: data analysis from 2006 to 2019 in the university hospital / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective:To compare the clinical characteristics of critically ill pregnant women admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with different admission methods, in order to make more effective and rational use of ICU resources.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted. The clinical data of critically ill pregnant women admitted to ICU of Peking University Third Hospital from January 2006 to July 2019 were analyzed. According to the admission mode to ICU, the pregnant women were divided into emergency admission group (transferred to ICU on the same day or the next day due to critical illness) and planned admission group (transferred to ICU 2 days after admitting in obstetric ward). The clinical characteristics of ICU critical pregnant women, such as the incidence, causes of admission, severity of the disease, main treatment measures, mortality, and medical expenses were collected, and a comparative analysis between the two groups was performed.Results:During the nearly 14 years, a total of 576 critical pregnant women in ICU were enrolled, accounting for 0.8% (576/71 790) of the total number of obstetric inpatients and 4.6% (576/12 412) of the total number of ICU inpatients. Seven maternal deaths accounted for 1.2% of all critically pregnant women transferred to ICU, and the overall mortality of pregnant women was 10/100 thousand. Of the 576 critically pregnant women, there were 327 patients (56.8%) in the emergency admission group and 249 patients (43.2%) in the planned admission group. Compared with the planned admission group, the proportion of elective cesarean section in the emergency admission group was significantly lower (17.7% vs. 94.0%, P < 0.01), and the proportion of emergency cesarean section was significantly higher (65.1% vs. 2.4%, P < 0.01), the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE Ⅱ, APACHE Ⅲ) scores, simplified acute physiology score Ⅱ (SAPS Ⅱ) and Marshall score were significantly higher [APACHE Ⅱ score: 6.0 (4.0, 9.8) vs. 4.0 (3.0, 7.0), APACHE Ⅲ score: 14.0 (11.0, 20.3) vs. 12.0 (9.0, 16.0), SAPS Ⅱ score: 8 (0, 12) vs. 3 (0, 8), Marshall score: 2 (1, 4) vs. 1 (1, 3), all P < 0.01]. The length of ICU stay in the emergency admission group was significantly longer than that in the planned admission group [days: 2 (1, 5) vs. 2 (1, 3), P < 0.01], and the total length of hospital stay was significantly shorter [days: 9 (7, 13) vs. 13 (10, 18), P < 0.01]. Both in the emergency admission group and the planned admission group, obstetric factors were the main reason for admission, 60.9% (199/327) and 70.3% (175/249), respectively. The proportion of postpartum hemorrhage was the highest [35.2% (115/327) and 57.0% (142/249)], followed by preeclampsia/eclampsia [7.0% (23/327) and 7.6% (19/249)]. Only 7 of the 19 critically pregnant women with puerperal infection were planned admission. All 21 patients with acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) during pregnancy were emergency admission. Among the emergency and planned admission patients, 73 patients (22.3%) and 42 patients (16.9%) required mechanical ventilation (duration of mechanical ventilation > 24 hours), 99 patients (30.3%) and 35 patients (14.1%) needed vasoactive agents, 67 patients (20.5%) and 20 patients (8.0%) received hemodynamic monitoring, and 123 patients (37.6%) and 154 patients (61.8%) were given anticoagulation therapy, respectively. In terms of severity score of critical pregnant women, there were significant differences in APACHE Ⅱ, APACHE Ⅲ, SAPS Ⅱ and Marshall scores of pregnant women with different diseases. Among them, the APACHE Ⅲ, SAPS Ⅱ and Marshall scores of AFLP were the highest [21.0 (15.0, 32.5), 12.0 (6.0, 16.5) and 6.0 (3.5, 8.0), respectively]. The APACHE Ⅱ and APACHE Ⅲ scores of postpartum hemorrhage were the lowest [4.0 (3.0, 7.0), 12.0 (10.0, 16.0)]. The SAPS Ⅱ score of pneumonia was the lowest [2.0 (0, 14.0)]. The Marshall score for puerperal infection was the lowest [1.0 (0, 3.0)]. In terms of the total medical expenses, the cost in the emergency admission group was significantly lower than that in the planned admission group [10 thousand Yuan: 3.1 (2.0, 4.7) vs. 4.1 (2.9, 5.8), P < 0.05]. Conclusions:Compared with the critically ill pregnant women who planned to be admitted to ICU, the patients emergency admitted to ICU were more complicated and urgent, and the severity of the condition was scored higher. At present, the severity scoring system commonly used in ICU can only partly evaluate the severity of critically ill pregnant women, therefore, it is necessary to design the specific severity scoring system for critically ill pregnant women to effectively and rationally use the precious ICU resources.

Use of intensive care unit in women with severe maternal morbidity and maternal death: results from a national multicenter study / Uso de unidade de terapia intensiva em mulheres com morbidade materna grave: resultados de um estudo nacional multicêntrico

Abstract Objective To assess the use of the intensive care unit (ICU) and its effect on maternal mortality (MM) among women with severe maternal morbidity (SMM). Materials and Methods A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study on surveillance of SMM in 27 Brazilian obstetric referral centers. The analysis focused on the association between ICU use and maternal death according to individual characteristics and disease severity. Two multivariate regressions considering use of the ICU, age, ethnicity, adequacy of care and the human development index were performed to identify the factors associated to maternal death and maternal near-miss. Results Out of 82,388 deliveries during the period, there were 9,555 (11.6%) women with SMM, and the MM ratio was of 170.4/100 thousand live births. In total, 8,135 (85.1%) patients were managed in facilities in which ICUs were available; however, only 2,059 (25.3%) had been admitted to the ICU. On the multivariate analysis, when the severity of the maternal disease was measured by the maternal severity score (MMS), the strength of the association between the use of the ICU and maternal death was greatly reduced, along with inadequate care and non-availability of the ICU at the facility. On the assessment of only the more critical cases (SMO, severe maternal outcome), the same pattern of association between ICU and MM was observed. In the models used, only inadequate care and MSS were significantly associated with MM. Conclusion The current study indicates that the main variables associated with maternal death are the severity and adequacy of the case management, which is more frequent in ICU admissions. The use of the ICU without the stratification of the patients by severity may not produce the expected benefits for part of the women.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da utilização de unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) na mortalidade materna (MM) entre mulheres com morbidade materna grave (MMG). Materiais e Métodos Foi realizada uma análise secundária de um estudo transversal de vigilância de morbidade materna grave em 27 centros de referência obstétrica no Brasil. O foco desta análise foi a associação entre a utilização de UTI e morte materna segundo características individuais e condições de gravidade. Análises múltiplas considerando as variáveis uso de UTI, idade, etnia, adequação do cuidado e índice de desenvolvimento humano foram realizadas para identificar os fatores associados à morte materna e near-miss materno. Resultados Dos 82.388 partos ocorridos durante o período de estudo, 9.555 (11,6%) mulheres apresentaram MMG, e a razão de MM foi de 170,4/100 mil nascidos vivos. Neste grupo, 8.135 (85,1%) pacientes foram atendidas em instituições com disponibilidade de leitos de UTI, mas apenas 2.059 (25,3%) foram de fato admitidas em leitos de UTI. Na análise de regressão multivariada, quando se considerou a gravidade do caso pelo maternal severity score (pontuação de severidade materna, MMS, na sigla em inglês), houve uma grande redução da força de associação entre utilização de UTI e morte materna, além da inadequação do cuidado e não disponibilidade de UTI na instituição. Na avaliação considerando apenas os casos de maior gravidade (desfecho materno grave, DMG), observou-se o mesmo padrão de associação entre UTI e MM. Nos modelos utilizados, apenas a inadequação do cuidado e o MSS apresentam associação significativa com a MM. Conclusão O presente estudo aponta que as principais variáveis associadas à morte materna são a gravidade e a adequação do manejo do caso, mais frequentes nas internações em UTI. A utilização dos leitos de UTI sem a estratificação da gravidade da paciente pode não trazer benefícios esperados para uma parte das mulheres.

Morbilidad extrema (near-miss) en obstetricia. Revisión de la literatura / Severe morbidity (near-miss) in obstetrics. Literature review

Resumen: Objetivo: Presentar la evidencia científica más reciente referente a la definición, diagnóstico y consecuencias de morbilidad extrema en obstetricia (MEO). Metodología de búsqueda: Búsqueda en PubMed, The Cochrane Library, OVID, Science Direct, Google Académico, Artemisa, LILACS e Imbiomed de artículos publicados en inglés y español entre los años 2005 a 2018 con las siguientes palabras clave: severe maternal morbidity, near miss morbidity, severe acute maternal morbidity, obstetric near miss and maternal near miss. Se excluyeron estudios cualitativos. Resultados: La MEO (o near miss) se refiere a cualquier complicación aguda que puede presentarse en el embarazo, labor o hasta seis semanas después de haber concluido el embarazo, estas complicaciones ponen en riesgo la vida de la madre, pero no resulta en su muerte. Los indicadores de MEO fueron desarrollados con base a la incidencia y presencia de trastornos hemorrágicos, hipertensivos y otras alteraciones sistémicas y condiciones maternas graves que pueden tener un impacto en la salud de la madre. En la actualidad, se sugiere que el estudio de los indicadores de MEO son de más utilidad que los de muerte materna. Conclusiones: El ejercicio de la práctica médica con base en la mejor evidencia científica, el estudio y la mejora de la calidad de la práctica clínica, de la planificación familiar, la asesoría prenatal y los programas hospitalarios son estrategias que permitirán ayudar a disminuir los casos de MEO.

Abstract. Objective: To provide the most recent scientific evidence about definitions, diagnosis and consequences of severe maternal morbidity (SMM). Research methodology: We searched databases in PubMed, The Cochrane Library, OVID, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Artemisa, LILACS and Imbiomed from 2005 to 2018 with the following keywords: severe maternal morbidity, near miss morbidity, severe acute maternal morbidity, obstetric near miss and maternal near miss. The search was restricted to articles written in the English and Spanish language and published from 2005 to 2018. Qualitative studies were excluded. Results: SMM or maternal near miss event refers to any acute obstetric complication that immediately threatens a woman's survival but does not result in her death either by chance or because of hospital care she receives during pregnancy, labor or within six weeks of termination of pregnancy. The indicators for SMM were developed and based on the incidence and presence of hemorrhagic disorders, hypertensive disorders, other systemic disorders and severe maternal conditions which could have an impact on maternal health. Nowadays it is suggested that the study of indicators for SMM is a more useful indicator of obstetric care than mortality. Conclusions: Use of best evidence-based practices, studying and improving the effectiveness and quality of clinical practice, family planning, prenatal check-up, and hospital obstetric care programs are strategies that could help to reduce cases of SMM.

Morbilidad materna en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo", Contramaestre 2014-2019 / Maternal morbidity in the Intensive Care Unit of the General Teaching Hospital "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo", Contramaestre 2014-2019 / Morbidade materna na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Geral de Ensino "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo", Contramaestre 2014-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: La mortalidad materna ha sido utilizada como un indicador del desarrollo socioeconómico de un país y de la calidad de los servicios médicos en la Salud Pública. La morbilidad materna extremadamente grave (near miss) constituye el escenario necesario para entender las condiciones y hechos prevenibles que determinan la muerte materna. Objetivo: Caracterizar la morbilidad materna en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo" de la provincia Santiago de Cuba durante los años 2014-2019. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional, que incluyó a 223 pacientes atendidas en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos por complicaciones relacionadas con el embarazo-parto-puerperio, en el periodo de tiempo comprendido desde enero de 2014 a diciembre de 2019. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables: edad, servicio de procedencia, diagnóstico, estadía y complicaciones. Resultados: El 56 % de pacientes admitidas estuvo dentro de 20 y 29 años de edad, siendo los trastornos hipertensivos asociados al embarazo con un 65,4 % y la hemorragia obstétrica para un 22,0 % las principales causas de ingresos. La estadía promedio de las pacientes fue de 3,6 días y durante la misma, la diabetes insípida fue la principal complicación. Conclusiones: La morbilidad materna se caracterizó por presentarse en edades adecuadas para el desarrollo del embarazo, con una estadía en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos por debajo de lo reportado en la literatura, y existe relación estadística entre los diagnósticos de ingreso y la aparición de complicaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Maternal mortality has been used as an indicator of the socioeconomic development of a country and the quality of medical services in Public Health. Extremely severe maternal morbidity (near miss) is the necessary scenario to understand the preventable conditions and facts that determine maternal death. Objective: To characterize maternal morbidity in the Intensive Care Unit of the General Teaching Hospital "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo" of the Santiago de Cuba province during the years 2014-2019. Method: An observational study was conducted, which included 223 patients treated in the Intensive Care Unit for complications related to pregnancy-childbirth-puerperium, in the period of time from January 2014 to December 2019. A descriptive analysis of the variables was performed: age, service of origin, diagnosis, stay and complications. Results: 56% of admitted patients were within 20 and 29 years of age, with hypertensive disorders associated with pregnancy with 65.4% and obstetric hemorrhage for 22.0% the main causes of income. The average stay of the patients was 3.6 days and during it, diabetes insipidus was the main complication. Conclusions: Maternal morbidity was characterized by presenting at adequate ages for the development of pregnancy, with a stay in Intensive Care Units below what was reported in the literature, and there is a statistical relationship between the diagnosis of admission and the appearance of complications.

RESUMO Introdução: A mortalidade materna tem sido utilizada como um indicador do desenvolvimento socioeconômico de um país e da qualidade dos serviços médicos em Saúde Pública. A morbidade materna extremamente grave (near miss) é o cenário necessário para entender as condições evitáveis e os fatos que determinam a morte materna. Objetivo: Caracterizar a morbidade materna na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital Geral de Ensino "Orlando Pantoja Tamayo" da província de Santiago de Cuba nos anos 2014-2019. Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional, que incluiu 223 pacientes atendidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva por complicações relacionadas à gravidez-parto-puerpério, no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2019. Foi realizada uma análise descritivo das variáveis: idade, serviço de origem, diagnóstico, permanência e complicações. Resultados: 56% das pacientes admitidas tinham entre 20 e 29 anos de idade, com distúrbios hipertensivos associados à gravidez com 65,4% e hemorragia obstétrica por 22,0%, as principais causas de renda. A permanência média dos pacientes foi de 3,6 dias e, durante o mesmo, o diabetes insipidus foi a principal complicação. Conclusões: A morbidade materna foi caracterizada por apresentar-se em idades adequadas para o desenvolvimento da gravidez, com permanência em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva abaixo do relatado na literatura, e existe relação estatística entre o diagnóstico de admissão e o aparecimento de complicações.

Reflexiones "contractuales" acerca de la ley de interrupción voluntaria del embarazo en Chile / Reflexões "contratuais" acerca da lei de interrupção voluntária da gravidez no Chile / "Contractual" reflections on Chile's law on voluntary pregnancy termination

Resumen: Después de un año de entrada en vigencia de la Ley de Interrupción Voluntaria del Embarazo en Chile, hoy se reconoce la posibilidad de abortar en tres situaciones específicas y se da apoyo profesional a las mujeres que la invocan. Se plantean reflexiones acerca de su aplicación en las causales descritas en ella. Se sitúa la dignidad humana como eje central de la interpretación de la realidad feto-materna. Se comenta el sentido del acto médico-perinatal, en el contexto de la preservación de la especie humana. Se explica la aplicación del principio del doble efecto y el del único bien posible en el discernimiento de la primera causal. En la segunda causal se comenta la influencia de la tecnología en la anamorfosis fetal, junto con la vulnerabilidad y la focalización autorreferencial materna en el feto malformado. En la tercera causal se intenta aplicar la noción de cómo la violencia no puede justificarse a si misma y se necesita mediar consensos para no enfocar al feto como causante del daño. Se pretende alertar sobre el riesgo de alienación de los profesionales de la salud ante el significado de la dignidad del ser humano.

Resumo: Depois de um ano da entrada em vigor da Lei de Interrupção Voluntária da Gravidez no Chile, hoje se reconhece a possibilidade de abortar em três situações específicas e se dá apoio profissional às mulheres que a invocam. Propõem-se reflexões sobre sua aplicação nas causas descritas nela. Situa-se a dignidade humana como eixo central da interpretação da realidade feto-materna. Comenta-se o sentido do ato médico perinatal no contexto da preservação da espécie humana. Explica-se a aplicação do princípio do duplo efeito e o do único bem possível no discernimento da primeira causa. Na segunda causa comenta-se a influência da tecnologia na anamorfose fetal, junto com a vulnerabilidade e a focalização auto-referencial materna no feto mal formado. Na terceira causa tenta-se aplicar a noção de cómo a violência não pode justificar a si mesma e necessita buscar consensos para não colocar o feto como fator causador do dano. Pretende-se alertar sobre o risco de alienação dos profissionais da saúde diante do signififcado da dignidade do ser humano.

Abstract: After one year of the Law of Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy in Chile, the possibility of aborting in three specific situations is recognized and professional support is given to the women who invoke it. Reflections are raised about its application in the causes described in it. Human dignity is placed as the central axis of the interpretation of the fetus-maternal reality. The meaning of the medical-perinatal act is discussed in the context of the preservation of the human species. The application of the principle of double effect and that of the only possible good in the discernment of the first causal is explained. In the second case, the influence of technology in fetal anamorphosis is discussed, together with the vulnerability and self-referential maternal focus in the malformed fetus. In the third case, we try to apply the notion of how violence cannot justify itself and we need to mediate consensus so as not to focus on the fetus as the cause of the harm. The aim is to warn about the risk of alienation of health professionals before the meaning of the dignity of the human being.

Caracterización de la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en el Hospital Ramón González Coro 2014 - 2017 / Characterizing of Extremely Severe Maternal Morbidity at Ramón González Coro Hospital, 2014 - 2017

Introducción: La morbilidad materna extremadamente grave constituye un indicador de calidad de los cuidados maternos y es uno de los temas que más atención ha tenido a nivel mundial debido a su estrecha relación con la mortalidad materna. Objetivo: Caracterizar epidemiológicamente gestantes con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave atendidas en el Hospital Ginecobstétrico Ramón González Coro en La Habana, Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo, cuya muestra fueron las 220 gestantes que evolucionaron hacia la gravedad en el cuatrienio 2014- 2017. Se procesó la información mediante estadística descriptiva y se determinaron intervalos de confianza para proporciones de características que se consideraron relevantes. Resultados: La edad materna promedio fue de 30 años y se detectó 16 por ciento de anemia a la captación. Se reportó una ganancia de peso anormal en 37 por ciento de las gestantes. El 75 por ciento tuvo indicación de cesárea para la terminación del embarazo por preeclampsia grave, hematoma retroplacentario o cesárea anterior. La edad gestacional promedio fue de 36,2 semanas. El 35 por ciento presentó complicaciones ante parto y 39 por ciento posparto. Las afecciones más frecuentes fueron la preeclampsia grave, la atonía uterina y el hematoma retroplacentario y las complicaciones fueron fallos hepáticos, renales y síndrome de poli transfusión y aunque no se reportó mortalidad materna, la secuela más importante fue la histerectomía y su consecuencia sobre la fertilidad. Conclusiones: Predominaron trastornos hemorrágicos e hipertensivos, seguidos de los placentarios, y las secuelas fueron histerectomía e infertilidad. No se reportó mortalidad materna(AU)

Introduction: Extremely severe maternal morbidity is an indicator of maternal care quality and it is one of the topics that has received the most attention worldwide due to the close relationship with maternal mortality. Objective: To epidemiologically characterize pregnant women with extremely severe maternal morbidity in patients treated at González Coro Gyneco-Obstetric Hospital in Havana, Cuba. Methods: A descriptive, observational and retrospective study was conducted in 220 pregnant women who evolved towards severity in the four-year period 2014-2017. Information was processed using descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals were determined for proportions of characteristics that were considered relevant. Results: The average maternal age was 30 years and 16 percent of anemia was detected at preganancy uptake. An abnormal weight gain was reported in 37 percent of pregnant women. 75 percent had an indication of caesarean section for termination of pregnancy due to severe preeclampsia, retroplacental hematoma or previous caesarean section. The average gestational age was 36.2 weeks. Complications before childbirth were seen in 35% and 39% in postpartum. The most frequent conditions were severe preeclampsia, uterine atony and retroplacental hematoma. Complications were hepatic, renal and polytransfusion syndrome and although maternal mortality was not reported, the most important sequel was hysterectomy and the consequence on fertility. Conclusions: Hemorrhagic and hypertensive disorders predominated, followed by placentals, and the sequelae were hysterectomy and infertility. No maternal mortality was reported(AU)

A longitudinal study of near-miss and maternal mortality at a tertiary centre in rural Uttarakhand: addressing the fourth delay

Background: India is a signatory of the sustainable development goals and is committed to reduce the maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per lakh live births. Review of maternal deaths and near miss cases is a very important step towards achieving this aim.Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out in a tertiary care centre in rural Uttarakhand for a period of one and half year using WHO criteria for maternal near-miss, in an attempt to assess the quality of obstetric care in the region and to identify the possible delays leading to this.Results: Haemorrhage was the most common cause leading to severe maternal outcome, followed by early pregnancy complications and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The mortality index was 15% and maternal near miss to mortality ratio was 7:1. We could identify some type of delay in at least 70% of near miss and mortality cases. Although delay in seeking healthcare was the most common, lack of community participation was identified as an important fourth delay.Conclusions: For substantive reduction of maternal mortality in this region of Uttarakhand, the main action needed is strengthening of primary health care, educating the patients regarding warning signs of pregnancy and strengthening the social status of women in society, increasing community support in women health care.

Clima organizacional en la atención a pacientes con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave / Organizational climate in the care to patients with extremely severe maternal morbidity

Introducción: La comprensión del fenómeno organizacional es una necesidad en las organizaciones de servicios de salud. En hospitales, es particularmente importante. Las enfermedades durante el embarazo y el parto constituyen las principales causas de muerte entre las mujeres en edad reproductiva. Objetivos: Evaluar el clima organizacional durante el proceso obstétrico en relación con la atención a las pacientes con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en el hospital ginecobstétrico provincial Julio Rafael Alfonso Medina de Matanzas. Método: Se desarrolló una investigación descriptiva de corte transversal. Para lo cual se aplicó el instrumento denominado Evaluación del Clima Organizacional en Salud por Segredo (ECOS-S), el mismo se centró en el proceso de referencia enfocado a la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en diferentes estratos, según las unidades organizacionales participantes. Las dimensiones estudiadas fueron: comportamiento organizacional, estructura organizacional y estilo de dirección en diferentes categorías. Resultados: La dimensión más afectada en las estimaciones puntuales fue estructura organizacional con 4,86 de promedio y el estrato salas de hospitalización (3,50); la categoría más afectada fue condiciones de trabajo con 3,64. La estimación puntual del clima organizacional global arroja un promedio de 53,4. Conclusiones: El clima organizacional de la atención a la morbilidad materna extremadamente grave corresponde a un rango inadecuado en salas de hospitalización. Todas las dimensiones, la mayor parte de las categorías estudiadas y el clima global, clasifican como clima organizacional en riesgo(AU)

Introduction: The understanding of the organizational phenomenon is a necessity in health service's organizations, especially in hospitals. The diseases during pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death among women on reproductive ages. Objectives: To assess the organizational climate in the midwifery process in the care of patients with extremely severe maternal morbidity in Julio Rafael Alfonso Medina Gyneco-Obstetric Provincial Hospital of Matanzas province. Method: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out. The climate assessment was made through the application of a tool called Assessment of the Organizational Climate in Health, by Segredo (ECOS-S, by its acronym in Spanish) that is focused in the reference process of extremely severe maternal morbidity in different strata according to some organizational units. The dimensions studied were: organizational behavior, organizational structure and management style in different categories. Results: The most affected dimension in the detailed estimations was Organizational Structure (average of 4,86) and of the stratum the one called Hospitalization Ward (3,50); the most affected category was Working Conditions (3,64). The estimates of the overall organizational climate showed an average of 53,4. Conclusions: The organizational climate of extremely severe maternal morbidity corresponds to an inappropriate range in Hospital Wards. All dimensions assessed, most of the categories studied and the global organizational climate are classified at risk(AU)

Beliefs and practices of cultural care of women with severe maternal morbidity / Creencias y prácticas de cuidado cultural de mujeres con morbilidad materna severa

The present study aimed to describe the beliefs and practices of cultural care in women who had major causes of severe maternal morbidity, not in the prenatal control and attended at an institution of III level of health care in the city of Medellín. It was a research of a qualitative, ethnographic type, a method used was the ethno-infertility proposed by Leininger, the sample composed of 17 women with severe maternal morbidity, not in control of prenatal, who were interviewed several times until data saturation was achieved; Then, they were collected and analyzed through the ethnographic analysis proposed by Spradley. Results: 5 general themes and 2 taxonomies were found. The study concluded that women with severe maternal morbidity, unresponsive to prenatal care, have their own modes of care for themselves and the unborn child when they are ill, because access to maternal health services is deficient. Similarly, the nursing care offered to these women should be based on the knowledge of cross-cultural nursing proposed by Leininger.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo describir las creencias y prácticas de cuidado desde lo cultural en mujeres que tuvieron causas principales de morbilidad materna extrema, inasistentes al control prenatal y atendidas en una institución de III nivel de atención en salud de la ciudad de Medellín. Fue una investigación de tipo cualitativo, etnográfico, método utilizado fue la etnoenfermería propuesto por Leininger, la muestra compuesta por 17 mujeres con morbilidad materna extrema, inasistentes a control prenatal, éstas fueron entrevistadas varias veces hasta lograr la saturación de datos; luego, se recolectaron y analizaron mediante el análisis etnográfico propuesto por Spradley. Resultados: Se encontró 5 temas generales y 2 taxonomías. El estudio concluyó que la mujer con morbilidad materna extrema, inasistente al control prenatal tiene sus propios modos de cuidado a sí misma y al hijo por nacer cuando está enferma, porque el acceso a los servicios en salud materna es deficiente. De igual forma, el cuidado de enfermería que se ofrece a estas mujeres debe hacerse con base al conocimiento de la enfermería transcultural propuesto por Leininger.

Saúde sexual e reprodutiva de mulheres seis meses após a vivência de um episódio de morbidade materna grave / Sexual and reproductive health of women six months after experiencing an episode of severe maternal morbidity

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da morbidade materna grave na saúde sexual e reprodutiva de mulheres seis meses após o evento. Estudo observacional, transversal, realizado em dois hospitais na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brasil: Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto onde ficam internadas as puéperas que tiveram algum tipo de complicação na gestação (Grupo 1) e Centro de Referência em Saúde da Mulher, onde ficam internadas as puérperas de baixo risco gestacional (Grupo 2), totalizando 110 participantes, no período de maio de 2015 a agosto de 2016. A coleta de dados, a qual aconteceu da mesma forma nos dois hospitais, foi realizada em duas fases: a primeira correspondeu ao recrutamento das participantes enquanto ainda estavam internadas após o parto, onde foram obtidos os dados obstétricos, neonatais, sociodemográficos e reprodutivos diretamente do prontuário médico; a segunda ocorreu seis meses após a alta hospitalar das participantes, as quais foram contatadas via telefone para agendamento das visitas domiciliares, onde foram colhidos os dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, ginecológicos, obstétrico e os relacionados à saúde sexual, através do instrumento Female Sexual Function Index. Os dados foram analisados através do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences e R versão 3.1.2. Foram utilizadas análises univariada e bivariada com distribuição de frequências absolutas e relativas, medidas de tendência central, variabilidade dos dados, testes Mann-Whitney, Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher, regressão beta inflacionada. No Grupo 1, a média de idade das mulheres foi de 30 anos, com prevalência da cor branca e a maioria solteira com relação ao estado civil, mas vivia junto com o companheiro há mais de 10 anos, enquanto no Grupo 2, a idade média foi de 27,1 anos com prevalência de cor parda, casada e com tempo de relacionamento entre dois e cinco anos. A escolaridade foi praticamente a mesma nos dois grupos, com uma média de 9,5 anos de estudo. Tanto no Grupo 1 quanto no Grupo 2, a maioria não fumava, nem fazia uso de drogas ilícitas ou bebidas alcoólicas. Enquanto no Grupo 1 a maioria havia feito cesárea, sendo 36,6% dos bebês nascidos prematuros, no Grupo 2, a maioria teve parto vaginal com apenas 7,2% dos bebês nascidos antes de 37 semanas. Das mulheres do Grupo 1, as morbidades materna grave mais frequentes foram as relacionadas aos distúrbios hipertensivos. Não houveram associações entre a ocorrência de morbidade materna grave e a predisposição à disfunção sexual, no entanto, em todos os domínios relacionados à função sexual (desejo, excitação, lubrificação, orgasmo, satisfação e dor), as mulheres do Grupo 2 tiveram melhores pontuações, no entanto com a regressão Beta inflacionada, foram encontradas associações entre os domínos orgasmo e a variável cor, domínio satisfação e a variável tempo de relacionamento e entre o domínio dor e a morbidade materna grave, demonstrando que esse grupo de mulheres sofre com dispareunia quando comparadas com as mulheres que não tiveram complicações na gestação

The objective of this study was to to evaluate the effects of severe maternal morbidity on sexual and reproductive health of women six months after the event. Cross-sectional observational study carried out in two hospitals in the city of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil: Hospital of the Clinics of the Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, where the patients who had some kind of complication during pregnancy (Group 1) and Reference Center for Women's Health, where low-risk pregnancies (Group 2) are hospitalized, totaling 110 participants, from May 2015 to August 2016. Data collection, which occurred in the same way in both hospitals, was performed in two phases: the first corresponded to the recruitment of the participants while they were still hospitalized after delivery, where the obstetric, neonatal, sociodemographic and reproductive data were obtained directly from the medical record; the second occurred six months after the patients were discharged from the hospital, who were contacted by telephone to schedule home visits, where socio-demographic, economic, gynecological, obstetrical and sexual health data were collected through the Female Sexual Function Index . The data were analyzed through the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and R version 3.1.2. Univariate and bivariate analyzes were used with absolute and relative frequency distributions, central tendency measures, data variability, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square and Fisher Exact tests, inflated beta regression. In Group 1, the average age of the women was 30 years, with white prevalence and the majority single in relation to the marital status, but lived with the partner for more than 10 years, while in Group 2, the average age was 27.1 years old, with a prevalence of brown, married and with a relationship between two and five years. Schooling was practically the same in both groups, with an average of 9.5 years of study. In both Group 1 and Group 2, most did not smoke, nor did they use illicit drugs or alcoholic beverages. While in Group 1 the majority had delivered cesarean, with 36.6% of babies born preterm in Group 2, the majority had vaginal delivery with only 7.2% of babies born before 37 weeks. Of the women in Group 1, the most frequent severe maternal morbidities were those related to hypertensive disorders. However, in all domains related to sexual function (desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction and pain), there were no associations between the occurrence of severe maternal morbidity and the predisposition to sexual dysfunction, the women in Group 2 had better scores However, with inflated beta regression, associations were found between domains orgasm and color variable, satisfaction domain and time relationship variable, and between pain domain and severe maternal morbidity, demonstrating that this group of women suffers from dyspareunia when compared with women who had no complications during pregnancy

The Association between Adequate Prenatal Care and Severe Maternal Morbidity: A Population-based Cohort Study

PURPOSE: This study identified the relationship between adequate prenatal care and severe maternal morbidity among delivered women. METHODS: Data were extracted from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort for 91,767 cases of delivery that were delivered during 2003~2013. Severe maternal morbidity status was determined using the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's algorithm including the diagnosis and procedure code during delivery and postpartum hospitalization. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model with log link was performed for the relationship with severe maternal morbidity and women's factors to estimate adjusted relative risk. RESULTS: Of the 91,767 delivery cases, 2,248 (2.45%) had severe maternal morbidity. In the GEE model, severe maternal morbidity was higher in women who had inadequate prenatal care than in those who had adequate prenatal care (relative risk (RR) 1.39, 95% CI 1.11~1.75, p-value 0.0045). For maternal age, women who delivered at extremely young or old ages had high risks of severe maternal morbidity, which showed a U-shaped distribution through the whole age range. Women who had the lowest level of income, who had cesarean section delivery, who were nulliparous, who had twins or more than triplet births had high risks of severe maternal morbidity. CONCLUSION: Inadequate prenatal care delivery was associated with the occurrence of severe maternal morbidity. Therefore, policy makers should consider making quality indicators for early, timely, and sufficient visits during pregnancy and should monitor adequacy of prenatal care to prevent severe maternal morbidity.

Skin Color and Maternal Near Miss: Exploring a Demographic and Health Survey in Brazil / Cor de pele e Near Miss materno: explorando um inquérito demográfico de saúde no Brasil

Abstract Purpose In 2013, it was estimated that 289,000 maternal deaths occurred worldwide. The maternal mortality ratio has decreased in many countries in the past decades, due to early identification and treatment of obstetric complications, despite the dissimilarities observed in diverse locations and populations. Black women, for instance, have always been more susceptible to the occurrence of maternal mortality and severe morbidity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess skin color as a predictive factor for maternal near miss (MNM) in a sample of Brazilian women interviewed in the Brazilian National Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) of 2006. Method A secondary analysis of the DHS database, a population-based crosssectional nationally representative study was conducted. This database is of public domain. The risk of maternal complications according to ethnic group and the associated sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated. For the data analysis, the odds ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results In the sample interviewed, 59% of women were black or brown (mixed-race). Approximately 23% of women had some complication, and 2% of these women had at least one MNM pragmatic criterion. The MNM rate was 31 per 1,000 live births, and its occurrence was not statistically different among the ethnic groups. The only factors identified that were considered to be associated with the occurrence of MNM were maternal age above 40 and women not currently attending school, but only among white women. Conclusion The 2006 DHS results did not show a higher occurrence of maternal complications, and specifically of MNM associated with black/brown skin color.

Resumo Objetivo Estima-se que em 2013 tenham ocorrido 289.000 mortes maternas no mundo. Observou-se uma redução na razão de mortalidade materna em muitos países nas últimas décadas, e isso se deveu à identificação e tratamento precoce das complicações obstétricas, embora de forma não similar entre os diversos locais e populações. As mulheres negras, por exemplo, sempre estiveram mais sujeitas à ocorrência de mortalidade materna e de morbidade grave. Então, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a cor da pele como fator preditor de Near Miss materno (NMM) em uma amostra de mulheres brasileiras entrevistadas na Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde (PNDS) de 2006. Método Análise secundária do banco de dados da PNDS, um estudo transversal de base populacional e com representatividade nacional, sendo este banco de dados de domínio público. Avaliou-se o risco de complicações maternas por grupo de cor da pele e as características sociodemográficas associadas. Para a análise dos dados, as razões de possibilidades e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% foram calculados. Resultados Na amostra entrevistada, 59% das mulheres eram negras ou pardas. Aproximadamente 23% das mulheres apresentaram alguma complicação, e 2% delas, pelo menos um critério pragmático de NMM. A taxa de NMM foi de 31 por 1.000 nascidos vivos, e sua ocorrência não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos de cor da pele. Os únicos fatores identificados como associados à ocorrência de NMM foram a idade materna acima de 40 anos e não estar atualmente estudando, mas apenas entre as mulheres brancas. Conclusão Os resultados da PNDS 2006 não mostraram uma maior ocorrência de complicações maternas e especificamente de NMM associadas à cor da pele negra/ parda.

The burden of severe maternal morbidity in contemporaneous Obstetrics / El lastre de la morbilidad materna severa en la Obstetricia contemporánea

Maternal health is deteriorating across the world due to multiple factors including increasing rates of obesity, chronic medical conditions such as chronic hypertension, type II diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as well as advanced maternal age by the time of conception. These factors summed to the increasing cesarean delivery rate, lack of standardization of clinical practices, and inappropriate care during obstetrical urgencies are all major contributors to the rising rates of major obstetrical complications and maternal death. In recent years, national and international health care organizations have proposed new definitions of major maternal morbidity. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines "near maternal miss" (NMM) as the series of events leading from good health to a life-threatening complication associated with organ dysfunction or failure. Conversely, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in United States classify "severe maternal morbidity" (SMM) if a pregnancy is complicated by one or more of twenty five ICD-9 clinical complications/procedures associated with a high maternal mortality risk. Although, each organization uses a different approach, existing data indicate that diagnostic criteria used for the CDC or the WHO accurately predicts pregnancies complicated with a "true" life-threatening maternal complication. These definitions are essential to better understand the burden of the disease. Each hospital providing maternal health care should adopt the definition that better fits its own health care system and is urged to incorporate initiatives that can reduce preventable major maternal complications. A fundamental step to address this issue is the establishment of a standardized review or audit process conducted by a multidisciplinary team that assesses systematically cases of severe maternal morbidity and mortality, evaluates deficiencies of health care at the provider, institution, and system levels, and adopts programs to improve quality of care. Maternal warning systems, composed by a set of abnormal physiological parameters that alert the provider about the deterioration of the patient's condition and prompt immediate bedside assessment, have shown to be effective in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. Of importance, it has been recently demonstrated that linking these warning systems to standardized evidence-based clinical guidelines that address the most common obstetrical clinical pathways provides further benefits to the patient's care and improves outcomes. Despite the advances in the early detection and management of major maternal morbidity, there is a concise need of further research to standardize definitions at regional, national and international levels, validate the effectiveness of early warning systems in different clinical settings, improve long-term outcomes, and incorporate other preventive measures initiated even prior to conception to further decline the rates of serious maternal complications and death.

La salud materna se está deteriorando en el mundo debido a múltiples factores, entre los cuales se encuentran el incremento de las tasas de obesidad, las enfermedades crónicas como la hipertensión crónica, la diabetes mellitus tipo II y la enfermedad cardiovascular, así como la edad materna avanzada al momento de la concepción. Estos factores sumados a la mayor tasa de cesáreas, la falta de estandarización de la práctica clínica y la atención inapropiada de las urgencias obstétricas son las que contribuyen tremendamente al incremento de complicaciones obstétricas graves y muerte materna. En años recientes, las organizaciones de salud nacionales e internacionales han propuesto nuevas definiciones de la morbilidad materna severa. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) define 'morbilidad materna extrema' (MME) como una serie de ocurrencias que parten de la buena salud y se complican al punto de poner en riesgo de muerte por disfunción o falla orgánica. Al contrario, los Centros para el Control y Prevención de las Enfermedades (CDC) en los Estados Unidos clasifican como 'morbilidad materna grave' (MMS) si un embarazo se complica con una o más de las veinticinco complicaciones/procedimientos clínicos de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (ICD-9) asociados con un riesgo alto de mortalidad materna. Aunque cada organización emplea una aproximación diferente, la información existente indica que los criterios diagnósticos utilizados por el CDC o la OMS predicen con mucha precisión aquellas gestaciones complicadas con una 'verdadera' complicación materna que amenaza su vida. Estas definiciones son esenciales para comprender mejor la dimensión de la enfermedad. Cada hospital que provee atención de la salud materna deberá adoptar la definición que mejor se adapte a su propio sistema de salud y es urgido a incorporar iniciativas que puedan reducir las complicaciones maternas severas. Un paso fundamental para resolver este aspecto es establecer una revisión estandarizada o proceso de auditoría conducido por un equipo multidisciplinario que analice sistemáticamente los casos de morbilidad y mortalidad materna grave. Este equipo está encargado de evaluar las deficiencias de los proveedores de salud, de la institución y de los niveles del sistema. Además, tiene la obligación de implementar programas que mejoren la calidad de la atención. Los sistemas de alarma materna, compuestos por un grupo de parámetros fisiológicos anormales, han sido creados con el objetivo de alertar al proveedor sobre el deterioro de las condiciones de la paciente, exigiendo una pronta evaluación, reduciendo así la morbimortalidad materna. Recientemente se ha demostrado que al unir estos sistemas de alarma a las guías clínicas estandarizadas y basadas en la evidencia que están dirigidas a las complicaciones clínicas obstétricas más comunes permite mayores beneficios para el manejo de la paciente y mejora los resultados clínicos. A pesar de los avances en la detección y manejo temprano de la morbilidad materna severa, existe una necesidad de mayor investigación para estandarizar las definiciones a nivel regional, nacional e internacional y validar la efectividad de los sistemas de alarma temprana en diferentes escenarios clínicos. Además, es necesario implementar nuevas estrategias para mejorar los resultados maternos a largo plazo e incorporar otras medidas preventivas iniciadas aún antes de la concepción, de manera que se logre disminuir aún más las tasas de complicaciones graves y la muerte materna.

The effect of maternal near miss on adverse infant nutritional outcomes

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between self-reported maternal near miss and adverse nutritional status in children under one year of age. METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of a study in which women who took their children under one year of age to the national vaccine campaign were interviewed. The self-reported condition of maternal near miss used the criteria of Intensive Care Unit admission; eclampsia; blood transfusion and hysterectomy; and their potential associations with any type of nutritional disorder in children, including deficits in weight-for-age, deficits in height-for-age, obesity and breastfeeding. The rates of near miss for the country, regions and states were initially estimated. The relative risks of infant adverse nutritional status according to near miss and maternal/childbirth characteristics were estimated with their 95% CIs using bivariate and multiple analyses. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of near miss was 2.9% and was slightly higher for the Legal Amazon than for other regions. No significant associations were found with nutritional disorders in children. Only a 12% decrease in overall maternal breastfeeding was associated with near miss. Living in the countryside and child over 6 months of age increased the risk of altered nutritional status by approximately 15%, while female child gender decreased this risk by 30%. Maternal near miss was not associated with an increased risk of any alteration in infant nutritional status. CONCLUSIONS: There was no association between maternal near miss and altered nutritional status in children up to one year of age. The risk of infant adverse nutritional status was greater in women living in the countryside, for children over 6 months of age and for male gender.

Near miss e mulheres negras / Near miss and black women

Resumo Introdução: A mortalidade materna apresenta grande diferença entre os países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento e espelha a qualidade da assistência prestada à saúde da mulher. Para evidenciar melhor essa assistência, novos métodos de estudo vêm sendo utilizados, entre eles a investigação das morbidades maternas graves - near misses. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores de risco para ocorrência de near miss nas diferentes raças/cores das mulheres residentes em três municípios da Região Metropolitana de Curitiba. Método: Estudo descritivo. Resultados: Na análise multivariada, identificou-se ser as variáveis idade (p=0,0321 com OR 3,08 e IC 95% 1,10-8,65), doenças associadas (p=0,0018 com OR 4,06 e IC 95% 1,61-10,24) e causa de internação (p=<0,0001 com OR 8,75 e IC 95% 3,36-22,75) os fatores de risco para near miss; o OR foi estimado com base no modelo multivariado. Já a variável cor não foi identificada como sendo fator de risco para near miss (p=0,8964) na presença das demais variáveis. Conclusões: Evidenciou-se, no estudo, a necessidade de aprofundar a análise em pesquisas sobre ocorrência de near miss e cor da variável idade e outras causas de internação para mulheres brancas, e a paridade/número de gestações e presença de doenças crônicas ou associadas para as mulheres negras, assim como a instituição de outros parâmetros de análise como as transferências e reinternações.

Abstract Introduction: Maternal mortality shows big difference between developed and developing countries and reflects the quality of care provided to women's health. To better demonstrate this, new service study methods have been used, including the investigation of serious maternal morbidity - near misses. Objective: To analyze the risk factors for the occurrence of near miss in different race/color, women living in three municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba. Method: A descriptive study. Results: In multivariate analysis, we identified the variables age (p=0.0321 with OR 3.08 and CI 95% 1.10 to 8.65), associated diseases (p=0.0018 with OR 4.06 and 95% CI 1.61 to 10.24 ) and cause of hospitalization (p=<0.0001 with OR 8.75 and 95% CI 3.36 to 22.75) as risk factors for near miss; OR estimated based on the multivariate model. The color variable was not identified as a risk factor for near miss (p=0.8964) in the presence of other variables. Conclusions: The study showed the need for further analysis in studies on the occurrence of near miss and color of the variable age and other causes of hospitalization for white women and the rate/number of pregnancies and the presence of chronic or associated diseases for black women as well as the imposition of other analysis parameters such as transfers and readmissions.

Factores de riesgo para morbilidad materna extrema en gestantes sin demora en la atención médica según la estrategia camino para la supervivencia / Risk factors for extreme maternal morbidity in pregnant women without delay in medical care according to the strategy for survival

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Morbilidad Materna Extrema (MME) es un estado en el cual la gestante casi muere durante su gestación, parto o puerperio pero sobrevivió gracias a una atención oportuna y adecuada, se evalúa por medio de identificación de retrasos o demoras en la atención de la gestante definidos por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), los cuales permiten detectar fallas de la paciente o el sistema de salud en su atención, permitiendo mejorar y evitar muertes maternas. OBJETIVO: Identificar factores de riesgo para MME en gestantes sin demoras en su atención, establecidas según la estrategia "camino para la supervivencia" de la OPS en pacientes atendidas en el Hospital Universitario de Santander (HUS). MÉTODO: Estudio de casos y controles de mujeres atendidas en el servicio de urgencias de ginecología y obstetricia del HUS, comparando gestantes con diagnóstico de MME sin demoras OPS en la atención, con gestantes sin diagnóstico de MME en una relación de 1:2, apareadas por número de gestaciones, vía del parto y edad gestacional independiente del trimestre de embarazo o que estuvieran en puerperio. RESULTADOS: 126 pacientes, 42 casos y 84 controles. Atención inicial en sitio inadecuado (p=0,006), nivel educativo bajo (p=0,011) y trastornos hipertensivos en anteriores gestaciones (p=0,045) son factores de riesgo para presentar MME en gestantes sin demoras OPS. CONCLUSIÓN: Las pacientes con factores de riesgo conocidos deben acudir a instituciones de mayor nivel de complejidad al presentar signos de alarma para evitar incremento del riesgo de eventos de MME.

BACKGROUND: Severe Maternal Morbidity (SMM) is a state in which the mother nearly died during pregnan-cy, delivery or postpartum but survived thanks to timely and appropriate care, it is assessed by identifying delays or delays in care pregnant women defined by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) which detect failures patient or the health system in their care, enabling better and prevent maternal deaths. OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for SMM in pregnant women without delay in their care, according to the strategy established "road to survival" PAHO in patients treated at the University Hospital of Santander (HUS). METHOD: Case-control study of women treated in the emergency department of obstetrics and gyne-cology HUS, comparing pregnant women diagnosed with OPS SMM without delay in care, pregnant women without diagnosed with SMM in a ratio of 1: 2, paired by number of pregnancies, birth canal and indepen-dent gestational age of the trimester or were in postpartum period. RESULTS: 126 patients, 42 cases and 84 Controls. Initial attention in inappropriate site (p=0.006), low educational level (p=0.011) and hypertensive disorders in previous pregnancies (p=0.045) were risk factors in pregnant SMM to present without delay OPS. CONCLUSION: Patients with known risk factors should attend institutions of higher level of complexity to show signs of alarm to avoid increased risk of events SMM.

Caracterización de los procesos de atención prenatal a las gestantes con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave / Characterization of prenatal care processes applied to pregnant women with extremely severe maternal morbidity

La identificación de la morbilidad materna extrema grave ofrece una oportunidad para la investigación de muertes maternas. El cumplimiento de los procesos de atención y determinación de los posibles riesgos asociados, es indispensable para evitarla. Objetivo: describir los procesos de atención de las gestantes con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en la atención prenatal en el 2009. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuyo universo fueron las 63 gestantes que se diagnosticaron con morbilidad materna extremadamente grave en los servicios de ginecobstetricia de los hospitales generales y maternos de La Habana. La información se obtuvo de los registros hospitalarios y las historias clínicas de las gestantes en la atención prenatal y hospitalaria; esta se recogió a través de un instrumento creado al efecto y se introdujo en una base de datos en Access. Resultados: los principales riesgos identificados fueron la hipertensión arterial, la anemia, la infección vaginal y la pre eclampsia. La consulta de reevaluación realizada por el especialista en ginecobstetricia se reflejó en un 33 por ciento, el promedio de 10 consultas durante el embarazo se constató en el 69,8 por ciento de las gestantes. La complicación por shock hipovolémico ocupó el primer lugar, seguido del shock séptico y la eclampsia. Conclusiones: la identificación de riesgos en la atención prenatal probablemente intervenga en la evolución de la MMEG en la Habana(AU)

Identification of extremely severe maternal morbidity provides an opportunity for research into maternal death. Fulfillment of care processes and determination of potential associated risks are indispensable to prevent extremely severe maternal morbidity. Objective: describe the prenatal care processes applied to pregnant women with extremely severe maternal morbidity in 2009. Method: a descriptive study was conducted with a universe of 63 pregnant women diagnosed with extremely severe maternal morbidity at gynecobstetric services of general and maternal hospitals in Havana. A dedicated tool was used to collect data from prenatal and hospital registries and medical records of the pregnant women. The data were stored in an Access database. Results: the main risks identified were hypertension, anemia, vaginal infection and preeclampsia. Re-evaluation by a gynecobstetrician was conducted in 33 percent of the cases. The average 10 prenatal consultations were performed with 69.8 percent of the pregnant women. Hypovolemic shock ranked first among complications, followed by septic shock and eclampsia. Conclusions: risk identification during prenatal care may play a role in the evolution of extremely severe maternal morbidity in Havana(AU)